Mechanical Properties of Titanium: Ib Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Hardcore ntawm 280MPa txog 1500MPa

Niaj hnub no peb tham txog ib qho nyuaj dua - lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: lub zog ntawm titanium. Nyob rau hauv layman cov ntsiab lus, nws yog ntau yam kev qhia uas titanium qhia thaum nws raug kev nyuaj siab - nws puas tuaj yeem rub tau? Nws puas tuaj yeem tsoo? Shock resistant? Nws yuav kav ntev npaum li cas yog tias muaj qhov tawg? Nws puas yuav nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias? Nws puas yuav nkig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias?

Cov nuj nqis no tsis yog tsuas yog kuaj cov ntawv ceeb toom hauv chav kuaj, lawv ncaj qha txiav txim siab seb titanium puas tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub dav hlau tsaws iav, foob pob ua ntxaij cryogenic cia tank, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus 600 degrees Celsius hauv lub cav.

1. Tensile zog: los ntawm ntshiab titanium 280MPa rau titanium alloy 1500MPa

Lub zog tensile ntawm ntshiab titanium yog 265 ~ 353MPa, uas zoo ib yam li zoo tib yam aluminium alloy. Tab sis ib zaug cov ntsiab lus alloy xws li txhuas, vanadium, molybdenum, thiab tin tau ntxiv, lub zog nce siab. Lub zog tensile ntawm cov titanium alloys dav dav yog 686-1176MPa, thaum ntawm -type titanium alloys ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev daws thiab kev laus tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1760MPa tam sim no.

Noj cov phaj ua piv txwv (GB / T 3621): lub zog tensile ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium TA0 yog 280-420MPa, TA1 yog 370-530MPa, TA2 yog 440-620MPa, thiab TA3 yog 540-720MPa. Tom qab ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying, TA5 (Ti-4Al-0.005B) mus txog 685MPa, TA7 (Ti-5Al-2.5 Sn) mus txog 735-930MPa, thiab feem ntau classic TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) daim ntawv tau annealed ntawm 895MPa.

Lub zog ntawm alloying tuaj yeem pom zoo dua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus qauv bar (GB / T 2965-1996): lub zog tensile ntawm TB2 (Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al) nyob rau hauv quenching thiab laus lub xeev yog siab li 1370MPa, thiab qhov seem seem elongation kev nyuaj siab yog 1100MPa. Lub zog tensile ntawm TC11 bar yog 1030MPa, thiab TC12 mus txog 1150MPa.

Lub zog siab tsis yog tib txoj kev nrhiav, lub zog tshwj xeeb (lub zog muab faib los ntawm qhov ntom ntom) yog qhov tua neeg ntawm titanium. Lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm titanium alloy yog qhov zoo dua li cov hlau thiab aluminium alloy -qhov no kuj yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv titanium. Siv TC4 ua piv txwv, qhov ceev yog 4.43 g / cm³, lub zog tensile kuj yog li 900 MPa, thiab lub zog tshwj xeeb yog li 203 MPa m³ / kg, thaum lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm siab - lub zog steel yog li 50, thiab cov aluminium alloy yog li 150.

Kev tshawb fawb hauv 2025 txuas ntxiv ua kom lub zog qab nthab ntawm titanium alloys. Raws li tsab ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2025 los ntawm "Journal of Sichuan University", qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub zog ntawm TC11 titanium alloy additively tsim los ntawm laser fuse nyob rau hauv lub xeev deposition yog 1415MPa, thiab lub zog tensile yog 1527MPa. Txawm hais tias qhov elongation tus nqi tsuas yog 6.95%, lub zog tau dhau los ntawm tus qauv forged tus nqi.

2. Compression, shear thiab siab bearing: "tag nrho-round load bearing" ntawm titanium

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm titanium muaj qhov nthuav dav: nws coj tus cwj pwm sib luag hauv ntau lub zog.

Compressive zog: Lub zog compressive ntawmtitanium thiab titanium alloystsis qis dua nws lub zog tensile. Lub compressive yield zog thiab tensile yield zog ntawm industrial ntshiab titanium yog kwv yees li sib npaug. Lub zog compressive ntawm TC4 thiab TA7 txawm tias me ntsis siab dua lub zog tensile. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov khoom siv titanium yog qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ntseeg siab thiab tsim nyog rau kev txhawb nqa txhua, bearing vaj tse thiab tsaws iav cushioning pillars. Shear zog: feem ntau 60% ~ 70% ntawm tensile zog. Rau TC4, txog 540 ~ 630MPa. Lub shear modulus ntawm titanium alloy yog 43 ~ 51GPa, thiab cov ntshiab titanium muaj 46GPa. Bolts, rivets thiab kis tau tus mob yog feem ntau shear, thiab qhov no parameter yog lub hauv paus rau tsim.

Yield zog nyob rau hauv siab: Lub zog tawm los nyob rau hauv siab ntawm titanium thiab titanium alloy nplooj ntawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.2 ~ 2.0 npaug ntawm lub zog tensile. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm compressive kev nyuaj siab, cov khoom yuav raug rau lateral kev txwv, thiab yas instability tsis yooj yim rau tshwm sim. Rau lub dav hlau daim tawv nqaij riveting thiab fastening kev sib txuas, qhov no txhais tau hais tias titanium alloy daim hlau tuaj yeem tiv taus ntau qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv zos ntau dua li qhov yooj yim tensile.

3. Kev ua siab ntev thiab qaug zog: qhov kev sim siab ntev -lub sij hawm kev ntxhov siab

Lub zog ruaj khov tsuas yog teb "txawm tias nws tuaj yeem rub tawm", thiab kev ua haujlwm engineering muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau ntxiv txog "nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas".

Endurance lub zog: Nyob rau hauv ib txwm huab cua, lub zog ntawm titanium thiab titanium alloys tom qab ua thiab annealing yog hais txog 0.5 ~ 0.65 npaug ntawm lub zog tensile. Lub rooj ua haujlwm kub kub qhia tau tias lub zog tensile ntawm TC4 bar ntawm 400℃yog 620MPa, thiab lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm 100 teev yog 570MPa; TC6 muaj tensile tsis kam ntawm 735MPa thiab ntev ntev ntawm 665MPa ntawm 400 degree. Qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tua neeg loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub zog- lub zog ntawm TC4 plummets mus rau 195MPa ntawm 500℃.

Lub zog qaug zog: Lub zog qaug zog ntawm annealed TC4 yog kwv yees li 0.2 npaug ntawm lub zog tensile, piv txwv li txog 180MPa, thaum lub sij hawm qaug zog yog nqa tawm 10-lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv notched xeev (K=3.9). Tus lej no yuav tsis zoo li siab, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv (cov cav ntoo, cov iav tsaws, cov fuselage thav duab) uas tiv thaiv kev sib hloov.

Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias titanium alloys muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo. TC4 nyob rau hauv lub xeev annealed yog ib yam khoom uas zoo heev toughness. Thaum qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas K=25.4 hli, qhov sib piv ntawm lub zog tensile rau tsis yog -notched tensile lub zog yog ntau dua 1. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab, TC4 qhia lub zog tensile ntau dua li cov qauv du, qhia tias nws tsis zoo tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qhov pib tawg.

Raws li 2026 kev tshawb fawb ntawm "Journal of Welding", lub voj voog siab qaug zog ntawm 30mm tuab TC4 sib koom ua ke los ntawm lub tshuab nqus hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 90% ntawm lub hauv paus hlau, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov khoom loj welded titanium alloy cov qauv (xws li sib sib zog nqus submersible manned cabin fuse zoo kawg nkaus thav duab).

4. Hardness: ntshiab titanium yog mos heev, titanium alloy yog nyuaj heev

Hardness yog ib qho Performance index ntawm cov khoom muaj peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub zos indentation thiab hnav, thiab titanium muaj ib tug loj span nyob rau hauv no dimension.

Lub hardness ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium ntawm purity qib feem ntau yog tsawg dua 120HB (Brinell hardness), thiab lwm yam kev lag luam ntshiab titanium yog 200 ~ 295HB. Lub hardness ntawm ntshiab titanium castings yog 200 ~ 220HB.

Lub hardness ntawm titanium alloy nyob rau hauv annealing yog 32 ~ 38HRC (Rockwell C nplai), uas yog sib npaug rau 298 ~ 349HB. Lub hardness ntawm as-cam khwb cia TA7 thiab TC4 yog hais txog 320 HB, thiab qhov tsis tshua muaj impurity TC4 castings yog hais txog 310 HB.

Cov txheej txheem sib txawv muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau hardness. Raws li kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2026 ntawm "Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Kho Mob Thaum Tshav Kub Kub", lub hardness ntawm laser hmoov txaj melting (LPBF) TC4 tso lub xeev tuaj yeem ncav cuag 379-417HV (Vickers hardness), thiab nws yuav poob mus rau 318-334HV tom qab kev kho cua sov ntawm 800 ° F tom qab kub, tab sis kub kub ntawm 800 degree. qhov tawg toughness yog nce los ntawm 42.5 MPa · m1 / ² mus rau 83.9 MPa · m1 / ² - qhov kev lag luam tawm ntawm hardness thiab toughness yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tseeb nyob rau hauv additive manufacturing.

5. Modulus ntawm elasticity: qhov txhav tsuas yog 55% ntawm cov hlau, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo tshaj qhov modulus ntawm elasticity

Lub tensile elastic modulus ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium yog 105 ~ 109GPa, thiab feem ntau annealed titanium alloys yog 110 ~ 120GPa. Lub hnub nyoog - hardened titanium alloy muaj ib tug me ntsis siab dua modulus ntawm elasticity tshaj lub annealed titanium alloy, thiab lub compressive modulus ntawm elasticity yog sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj lub tensile modulus ntawm elasticity.

Qhov tawv nqaij yog li 55% ntawm hlau thiab 50% mus rau 55% ntawm cov hlau. Txawm hais tias ntau dua li aluminium thiab aluminium alloys, titanium alloys tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm uas yuav tsum tau muaj siab rigidity (precision tshuab cuab tam spindles, bearings). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb elastic modulus (E / ρ) ntawm titanium alloys yog piv rau cov txhuas alloys, thib ob tsuas yog beryllium, molybdenum thiab qee cov superalloys -xav tias qhov ntom ntawm titanium tsuas yog 57% ntawm cov hlau, qhov tawv ntawm cov khoom titanium ntawm tib qhov hnyav tsis zoo.

Hauv engineering, qhov tsis muaj qhov tawv ntawm titanium yog them los ntawm kev hla -section loj thiab optimized structural tsim. Hauv thaj teb, titanium alloys feem ntau xav tau 10% mus rau 20% ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-section thickness thaum hloov steel, tab sis tag nrho qhov hnyav tseem tuaj yeem txo qis dua 30%.

6. cuam tshuam toughness thiab tawg toughness: kab kawg ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj

Txoj hauv kev ncaj ncees tshaj plaws los txhim kho lub zog ntawm titanium alloys yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom sib txuam (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon), tab sis qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov cuab yeej thiab tawg toughness. Qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog yog qhov kev pom zoo nyob mus ib txhis hauv titanium alloy tsim.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tso cai, Xia qhov cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov titanium ntshiab hauv kev lag luam yog 15-54J / cm², thiab cov cam khwb cia ntshiab titanium yog 4-10J / cm ². Qhov cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm annealed titanium alloy yog 13 ~ 25.8 J / cm ², thiab lub xeev laus qis dua me ntsis. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm as-cam khwb cia TA7 thiab TC4 yog 10J / cm² thiab 20 ~ 23J / cm ², feem. Qhov qis dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa, qhov siab dua qhov cuam tshuam tus nqi-qhov no yog vim li cas qib titanium alloys hnyav heev rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus interstitial.

Fracture toughness yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawmtitanium alloys. Ntau cov titanium alloys muaj siab tawg toughness, los yog zoo tiv thaiv kev loj hlob tawg. Lub pob txha toughness KIC ntawm annealed TC4 tuaj yeem ncav cuag 67.7 ~ 87.0 MPa · m1 / ² (raws li 2026 forging txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb ntawm "Cov Khoom Siv thiab Kev Siv"). Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm LPBF TC4 nyob rau hauv "Vuam" nyob rau hauv 2026, lub pob txha toughness yuav ncav cuag 80.3-83.9 MPa · m1 / ² tom qab kub isostatic nias ntawm 940 degree, uas yog tag nrho yuav tsum tau rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm Cheebtsam.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, cov pob txha toughness ntawm siab - lub zog steels nrog tib lub zog theem feem ntau yog 50-80 MPa · m1 / ², thiab titanium alloys yuav ua tau zoo dua nyob rau hauv tib lub zog, uas yog vim li cas titanium alloys yog dav siv nyob rau hauv dav hlau nyob rau hauv lub puas kam rau siab tsim lub tswvyim. Ib qho laj thawj rau cov qauv tseem ceeb.

7. Kev ua haujlwm siab kub: 450℃yog "qab nthab" ntawm cov pa titanium

Daim ntawv muab qhov kev txwv qhov kub thiab txias: kev lag luam titanium alloys tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm 540 degree, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem siv rau lub sijhawm luv luv; Qhov kev pabcuam kub yog 450 ~ 480 degree. Titanium alloys rau missiles yuav siv tau ntawm 540℃thiab rau ib lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm 760 degree. Lub sijhawm ntawd, titanium alloys rau 600℃siv tau tsim.

Lub tensile tsis kam ntawm TA7 yog 440MPa thiab durability yog 195MPa ntawm 500 degree; TC3 / ​​TC4 muaj tensile tsis kam ntawm 440MPa thiab ntev ntev ntawm 195MPa ntawm 500 degree. TC6 muaj tensile tsis kam ntawm 735MPa thiab durability ntawm 665MPa ntawm 400 degree; TC11 muaj qhov tensile tsis kam ntawm 685MPa thiab durability ntawm 590MPa ntawm 500 degree; TC9 muaj tensile tsis kam ntawm 785MPa thiab durability ntawm 590MPa ntawm 500 degree. Niaj hnub no, siab -kub titanium alloys tau ua haujlwm zoo heev. Raws li kev lag luam pej xeem cov ntaub ntawv, Ti60 (Ti-5. 8Al-4.8 Sn-2.0 Zr-1.0 Mo-0.35Si-0.85 Nd) nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm kuv lub teb chaws muaj qhov kev pabcuam kub ntawm 600℃thiab lub zog tensile ntawm 500℃Ntau dua 735 MPa; Qhov kev pabcuam kub ntawm Ti65 tuaj yeem ncav cuag 650 degree, thiab nws tau siv rau hauv lub siab-siab compressor disk thiab ib qho blisk ntawm lub cim tshiab ntawm cov tshuab. Xyoo 2025, lub zog tensile ntawm Ti180 (Ti-6Al-3Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.5 Si) nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem-laus lub xeev yuav ncav cuag 1100-1250MPa, qhov kub siab zog tus nqi ntawm 550℃yuav ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 70%, thiab qhov qaug zog txwv yuav nce los ntawm 4% 15% TC.

TiAl intermetallic compound sawv cev rau qhov kub thiab txias: Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb muaj qhov ceev ntawm 3.9 g / cm³ thiab kub tsis kam ntawm 750-900 degree. Nws tau raug siv nyob rau hauv lub siab-siab turbine hniav ntawm GEGEnx thiab CFM LEAP xyaw los hloov nickel-raws li alloys Qhov hnyav txo los ntawm 50%.

8. Kev ua haujlwm kub qis: Titanium tseem tawv ntawm-253 degree

Ib qho ntawm titanium lub peev xwm qis tshaj plaws yog nws qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siab.

Nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias, titanium thiab titanium alloys ua kom muaj zog dua thiab tsis muaj zog dua -raws li cov hlau feem ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, titanium yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov titanium annealed tseem muaj txaus ductility thiab tawg toughness ntawm -195.5℃(kua nitrogen kub). TA7 (Ti-5Al-2.5 Sn ELI) nrog cov ntsiab lus qis interstitial tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm-252.7. d ua eg. C. (kua hydrogen kub), thiab qhov piv ntawm notched tensile zog mus rau non-notched tensile zog yog 0.95-1.15 ntawm qhov kub no.

Qhov elongation ntawm TC4 tseem tuaj yeem ncav cuag 12% ntawm -252.7℃. Raws li 2026 "China Materials Progress" qis-kub titanium alloy tshuaj xyuas, cov qauv equiaxed TC4 muaj lub zog tawm los ntawm 1500MPa thiab elongation ntawm li 18% ntawm -253℃; Lub zog tensile ntawm TC4 yog 1544.5 MPa ntawm -253 degree, thiab elongation yog 5.85%. Lub CT20 qis-kub titanium alloy (Ti-Al-Zr-Mo system) nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm kuv lub teb chaws tau txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev pabcuam kub rau cov kua hydrogen kub ntau (-253 degree), thiab muaj qhov kub thiab txias ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Qhov no txhais tau ntau heev rau Aviation kev lag luam. Cov pa oxygen ua kua (-183 degree), kua hydrogen (-253 degree) thiab kua fluorine yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws thiab cov khoom siv hauv chaw, thiab cov khoom siv hauv lub tank cryogenic tsis tuaj yeem nkig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov hlau yuav dhau los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob - kev hloov pauv ntawm 253 degree, aluminium alloys yuav muaj lub zog tsis txaus, thaum titanium alloys-tshwj xeeb tshaj yog TC4 ELI thiab TA7 ELI-yuav nyob twj ywm ntawm cov kua dej hydrogen. Raws li kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv 2026, hauv qab ntawm 3.8-meter-diameter ib leeg spinning titanium alloy lub thawv nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tau raug engineered, thiab 3D luam titanium tank ntawm UNIST nyob rau hauv South Kauslim tau dhau qhov tseeb ntawm-253℃0.8 MPa. Titanium tau dhau los ua cov khoom sib tw rau cryogenic tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm lub cim tshiab ntawm cov tsheb loj tshaj tawm.

Ntawm -196℃kua nitrogen kub, lub zog ntawm TC4 ELI nce los ntawm 848MPa rau 1319MPa ntawm chav tsev kub, thaum lub elongation tseem yog 24.9% - lub zog thiab plasticity yog zoo dua nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo no yog vim qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov menyuam ntxaib deformation thiab ntau lub kaw lus slippage ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

Xaus

Cov khoom siv ntawm titanium nthuav tawm cov duab nplua nuj: ntshiab titanium yog mos thiab tawv, titanium alloys muaj zog thiab tawv; Thaum kub kub, nws yuav tab sis tseem lo rau 600 degree, thiab nyob rau hauv qis kub, nws yuav muaj zog thiab tseem txuas ntxiv; Lub elastic modulus tsis siab tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb elastic modulus yog zoo heev, lub hardness ncua yog loj tab sis lub pob txha toughness yog zoo heev.

Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov nuj nqis no, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias vim li cas C919 siv 9.3% titanium alloy, vim li cas lub Struggle pob alarm xaiv TC4 ELI, vim li cas lub foob pob hluav taws pib hloov cov hlau thiab txhuas nrog titanium, thiab vim li cas lub cav hniav yuav tsum tau siab tshiab - kub titanium alloy.

Titanium tsis yog cov hlau uas nyuaj tshaj plaws, nws tsis yog cov hlau uas muaj zog tshaj plaws, thiab nws tsis yog qhov kub tshaj plaws - hlau tiv taus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm "lub teeb, muaj zog, tawv, kub-resistant, corrosion-resistant, thiab sib nqus-dawb", nws daim ntawv qhia txhua yam tsis muaj kev sib tw txog tam sim no.