DemystifyingHow uaZirconium thiabHafniumSkev sib caisCibDriv aNua ewEra
Zirconium thiab hafnium, "cov kwv tij ntxaib" nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham, yog ib qho nyuaj tshaj plaws ua khub kom sib cais vim lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov sib txawv heev: zirconium muaj qhov me me neutron nqus hla ntu thiab yog cov khoom siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear cladding; Hafnium, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj qhov loj neutron absorption cross section thiab yog siv los ua tus pas ntsuas kub rau nuclear reactors.
Kev sib cais purity ntawm cov "cov kwv tij ntxaib" no ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nuclear reactors. Ntawm lawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm hafnium hauv atomic qib zirconium daim txhuam cev yuav tsum tsawg dua 0.01% Yog li ntawd, kev sib cais tshuab ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium tau dhau los ua tus yuam sij kom tau txais qib siab - purity nuclear- cov ntaub ntawv qib, thiab nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis hauv niaj hnub no {4} nuclear.
Kev sib tw thiab kev xav tau, vim li cas kev sib cais ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium nyuaj heev?
Zirconium thiab hafnium yeej ib txwm nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo sib xws. Qhov no yog vim lub lanthanide shrinkage nyhuv uas ua rau lawv ionic radii yuav luag tib yam, ua rau cov tshuaj sib cais txoj kev nyuaj ua hauj lwm.
Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov kev ua haujlwm nuclear sib txawv heev. Kev nqus hla ntawm zirconium rau thermal neutrons tsuas yog 0.18 lub hom phiaj en, thaum lub hom phiaj ntawm hafnium yog siab li 105 lub hom phiaj en. Qhov sib txawv loj no txhais tau hais tias txawm tias me me ntawm hafnium impurities tam sim no nyob rau hauv nuclear-qib zirconium tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev khiav hauj lwm zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov reactors nuclear.
Tam sim no, cov kev cai thoob ntiaj teb rau nuclear- qib zirconium cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov nruj heev, thiab cov ntsiab lus hafnium yuav tsum tsawg dua 0.01% (100ppm). Cov txheej txheem nruj no ua rau zirconium thiab hafnium sib cais tshuab yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam nuclear, thiab nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws cov khoom siv tshiab tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho.
1. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm, Recrystallization thiab Ion Txauv
Kev sib cais ntxov ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium feem ntau yog nyob ntawm recrystallization thiab ion pauv txoj kev. Cov txheej txheem recrystallization siv qhov sib txawv me me hauv kev solubility ntawm K ₂ ZrF thiab K ₂ HfF hauv cov tshuaj aqueous rau kev sib cais.
Solubility ntawm K ₂ ZrF hauv dej ntawm 293 K yog 0.0576 mol / L, thaum lub solubility ntawm K ₂ HfF → yog 0.083 mol / L, uas yog 1.45 npaug ntawm cov qub. Los ntawm kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias rau ntau crystallization, qhov qis -solubility K ₂ ZrF → crystallizes thiab precipitates ua ntej, thiab siab - solubility K ₂ HfF → nyob twj ywm hauv niam cawv.
Txoj kev no yuav tsum tau 16-18 recrystallization kom txo cov ntsiab lus hafnium los ntawm 0.5%-2.0% mus rau qis dua 0.01%, uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab raug nqi. Cov qub Soviet Union tau siv txoj kev no los tsim cov atomic-qib zirconia hauv xyoo 1950, uas tau hloov los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev.
Txoj kev sib pauv ion yog siv los cais cov zirconium thiab hafnium ions raws li qhov sib txawv adsorption muaj peev xwm ntawm cov resin. Lub hydroxide ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium tau yaj nrog sulfuric acid, thiab cov tshuaj thawj zaug tau ua kom huv thiab dhau los ntawm kev sib pauv kem nruab nrog cation txauv resin.
Tom qab ntawd nws yog desorbed nrog sulfuric acid daws ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv, thawj zirconium yog desorbed nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj H ₂ SO → 0.5 mol / L, thiab tom qab ntawd hafnium desorbed nrog cov tshuaj muaj H ₂ SO → 1 mol / L. Tsuas yog cov qub Soviet Union tau siv txoj kev no los cais cov zirconium thiab hafnium los ntawm hafnium- cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj los tsim hafnium oxide.
2. Cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj extraction tshuab
Cov kuab tshuaj rho tawm tau dhau los ua cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis rau kev sib cais ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium, thiab ntau -theem txee- cov txheej txheem centrifugal tam sim no sawv cev rau theem ntawm daim teb.
· Qhov zoo ntawm multi-theem counter-tam sim no centrifugal extraction
Lub multi-stage counter-tam sim no tsim paub txog qhov rov qab ntws ntawm cov extractant thiab cov khoom ua kua uas muaj zirconium thiab hafnium los ntawm ntau cov-theem centrifugal extraction units, uas tuaj yeem ua kom siv lub peev xwm ntawm cov extractant, kom zirconium thiab hafnium tuaj yeem rov ua dua, kev faib tawm ntawm ob theem tseem ceeb.
Centrifugal force teb efficiency yog lwm qhov zoo dua. Lub centrifugal extractor tig ntawm kev kub ceev ntawm 3000-5000rpm, thiab super-gravitational teb generated accelerates ob-theem sib xyaw thiab delamination, shortening cov txheej txheem hloov loj ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub tank extraction rau ob peb teev mus rau vib nas this, emulsifying phenomenon, thiab stability.
· Extraction system innovation
Lub nruam innovation ntawm lub extraction system tau txhawb nqa kev vam meej. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) yog dav siv vim nws cov kev xaiv siab rau zirconium, tab sis nws yooj yim rau corrode cov cuab yeej thiab emulsify ntawm high acidity.
Cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke (xws li TBP D2EHPA), uas txhim kho qhov sib txawv ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib tw, thiab kev sib cais coefficient tuaj yeem nce 30% -50%.
DIBK-Cyanex923 system yog lwm qhov kev xaiv ntsuab. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias thaum lub acidity ntawm aqueous theem yog 2.97 mol / L, qhov sib cais coefficient tuaj yeem ncav cuag 37.1, uas siab dua li ntawm MIBK-HSCN system hauv Tebchaws Meskas (= 9-10), thiab thiocyanate, uas yooj yim rau decompose rau hauv cov tshuaj lom, tsis xav tau.
3. Cov khoom siv centrifugal tshiab rau cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv corrosion
ZKCQ lub siab tshiab -kev ua tau zoo lithium roj teeb tshuaj centrifugal extraction tshuab yog lub teb chaws tus qauv cov cuab yeej uas muaj kev sib cais siab thiab muaj zog stability tsim los ntawm Zhongke Tshiab Zog raws li automation technology thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Rau cov kua qaub muaj zog, muaj zog alkali thiab muaj zog corrosive zaus, cov cuab yeej tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv corrosion. Theem equilibrium yog luv luv, thiab nws muaj peev xwm paub multi-theem series/cross-flow extraction thiab ntxuav, uas yog haum rau tob extraction.
II. Daim ntawv thov khoom siv
Lub zog tshiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab kev kho mob chemicals Cov tshuaj zoo, kev tsim kho dua tshiab, hydrometallurgy, kev kho mob, kev ua zaub mov, bioengineering extraction thiab ntau yam raw khoom intermediates ntau lawm / kua -kua sib cais: lithium roj teeb ub / ntsev pas dej lithium extraction, thiab lwm yam.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm uas tsis muaj cov khib nyiab tshem tawm, kev tshem tawm siab thiab kev sib cais, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov theem ntws yog qhov dav, thiab cov kab noj hniav sab hauv yog tag nrho ntxuav raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub zog centrifugal. Cov ntaub ntawv ua kua uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab cov viscosity tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov cov phaj weir thiab zaus hloov dua siab tshiab; Paub txog ntau-theem rho tawm kev sib cais hauv cov kua qaub, muaj zog alkali thiab muaj zog corrosive zaus.
4. Kev cia siab rau kev siv, los ntawm Nuclear zog mus rau Aviation
High-purity zirconium thiab hafnium cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv dav dav hauv ntau qhov siab -kawg. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nuclear- qib zirconium npaj, ib lub tuam txhab tau txais cov txheej txheem ua kom zoo, thiab cov ntsiab lus hafnium hauv cov khoom siv zirconium tau raug txo los ntawm 0.5% mus rau tsawg dua 10ppm, uas yog tag nrho yuav tsum muaj rau cov khoom siv nuclear reactor txheej.
Lub tshav dav hlau kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm qhov no. Lub zog tensile ntawm siab -purity hafnium alloy tau nce los ntawm 15%, thiab qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam tau tshaj 1600 degree, dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm foob pob hluav taws cav nozzles.
Sanxiang Cov Khoom Siv Tshiab (603663. SH) thiab lwm lub lag luam tseem tab tom ua haujlwm "zirconium-hafnium sib cais" kev tshawb fawb thev naus laus zis, thiab npaj siv zirconium oxychloride ua raw khoom los tsim tus nqi siab - ntxiv nuclear-qib zirconium cov ntaub ntawv thiab high- cov ntaub ntawv purity -iumconium{ kev sib cais" technology. Strategic layout.
Cov khoom siv hafnium tau txais los ntawm "zirconium-hafnium sib cais" tau siv dav hauv nuclear fais fab, siab- kub alloys, semiconductor High-k cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam.
